Data is the real visual. Here's what we measure.

Percentage of cells colonized by taxon, measured through direct observation and standardized photography at each field session over the course of all three years. A direct, proximal indicator of infrastructure use. Protocol: visual inspection of each cell using a standardized coding grid (empty / partially capped / closed / occupied by a predator or parasitoid).

Number of insect species captured and identified per session, in Zones 2 and 3, over a minimum of three sessions per year. Protocol: entomological nets along transects, yellow/blue/white pan traps, a Malaise trap in Zone 3, and morphological identification confirmed by eDNA/metabarcoding (COI) for difficult taxa.

Number of individuals per species and per trap (24 hours for pan traps, 4 hours for net sampling), per zone and per session. This indicator distinguishes effects on species richness from effects on population density, which are two functionally distinct responses according to the scientific literature.

Functional richness (FRic), community-weighted mean trait (CWM), and functional divergence (FDiv) indices, calculated based on pollination-related traits (body size, tongue length, floral specialization, and nesting type). These indices capture dimensions of impact that taxonomic richness alone does not reflect.

Number of visits by pollinating insects per flowering plant species, per flower, and per hour of observation, measured along standardized 50 m transects in Zone 2. This ecosystem service indicator is directly linked to the presence of pollinators and is measured under controlled weather conditions (temperature, wind, and no rainfall).

Date of the first and last observation of each species per year, and activity window in days, calculated from field survey sessions and bioacoustic data. This indicator makes it possible to detect phenological shifts from one year to another and serves as an indicator of adaptation to climate change.

Percentage cover and number of species of nectar- and pollen-producing plants, measured in permanent, georeferenced quadrats (10 per zone) during each session. The availability of floral resources is the primary determinant of local pollinator species richness.

Mean and coefficient of variation of the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) within a 50 m radius, calculated from drone or satellite imagery. A reliable and reproducible proxy for biomass and vegetation heterogeneity, which are themselves correlated with insect diversity.

Integral Index of Connectivity (IIC) and Probability of Connectivity (PC), calculated for Zone 4 (500 m radius) using a land-use map updated annually. Landscape connectivity influences the colonization and persistence of insect populations and is a standard measure in biodiversity impact assessments under EU frameworks.

Area of deadwood, bare soil, leaf litter, stones, standing water, and sandy banks within a 50 m radius, measured once a year through field surveys and photo interpretation. These microhabitats determine ground-nesting opportunities for species not hosted by the hotel but influenced by its presence.

Springtail density and species richness, as well as pH, organic matter, and moisture content, measured from soil cores once a year. Soil-dwelling insects are standardized indicators of soil quality (ISO 23611-2), which directly influences the nesting of ground-nesting bees.

Number and type of disturbance events (pesticide use, mowing, brush clearing, pruning, construction work) recorded in a standardized monthly log for each zone throughout the monitoring period. These disturbances are major covariates in impact analysis; failure to control for them is the main source of bias in studies without a standardized protocol.